“Sphyrna mokarran”
The Great Hammerhead Shark is the largest of the hammerhead sharks and is reported to reach up to 6.1 meters in length and weigh up to at least 581 kilograms. These sharks have a flat hammer-shaped head with a notch at the center located along the front edge. Juveniles have slightly curved heads at the front margin that becomes nearly straight as they reach adulthood. This species can be identified by its nearly rectangular head. The first dorsal fin is very high and curved; the second dorsal and pelvic fins are high with deeply concave rear margins. They are light gray or gray-brown on the dorsal side, white on the ventral side and fins lack conspicuous markings. Their “hammer-shaped” head is thought to have evolved to maximize the area of sensory organs such as the Ampullae of Lorenzini which are special sensors in sharks’ skin used to detect chemical, physical and thermal changes as well as the electrical fields of prey species, including those buried in the ocean bottom. Their hammer shape also allows Great Hammerhead Sharks to scan significantly larger areas of the bottom when hunting than other shark species. Great Hammerhead Sharks are coastal-pelagic, semi-oceanic sharks found close inshore & well offshore, over the continental shelves, island terraces and in passes & lagoons. They occur widely throughout the world’s oceans in depths ranging from 1-300 meters.
Great Hammerhead Sharks prefer to feed on stingrays, groupers and on other small bony fishes, crabs, squid, other sharks, rays and lobsters. They are known to be cannibalistic but the reasons remain unclear. Stingrays seem to be a particular favorite and stingray barbs have been found in the jaws and head of Great Hammerhead Sharks. They reportedly kill stingrays using the “hammer” to pin them down while feeding on the ray’s wings. Great Hammerhead Sharks are a viviparous species producing 13-56 pups per litter that measure between 56-70 centimeters. Viviparity means that the eggs hatch inside the female’s body and the babies are fed by a placenta which transfers nourishment from the mother via an umbilical cord connected to the pup between the pectoral fins. The placenta transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s bloodstream and transfers waste products from the baby to the mother for elimination. Viviparous sharks give birth to live young. Great Hammerhead Shark eggs are fertilized inside the female’s body. Like other shark species, males have claspers or extensions of the pelvic fins, that are used to transfer sperm to the female through her cloaca to fertilize the eggs. Great Hammerhead Sharks are potentially dangerous, though only a few shark attacks can be attributed to them because of the apparent difficulty of distinguishing the large hammerhead species involved in attacks.